Este artigo pretende analisar as interfaces da produção científica feminina no início do século XX com a constituição do espaço psi no Brasil, utilizando para tanto um artigo do periódico católico "A Ordem" e uma tese da Faculdade de Medicina do Rio de Janeiro. Para sermos mais precisos, nosso recor..

We present an experiment designed to investigate three different mechanisms to achieve impartiality in distributive justice. We consider a first-person procedure, inspired by the Rawlsian veil of ignorance, and two third-party procedures, an involved spectator and a detached observer. First-person veiled stakeholders and involved spectators are affected by an initially unfair distribution that, in the stakeholders’ case, is to be redressed. We find substantial differences in the redressing task. Detached observers propose significantly fairer redistributions than veiled stakeholders or involved spectators. (...) Risk preferences partly explain why veiled stakeholders propose less egalitarian redistributions. Surprisingly, involved spectators, who are informed about their position in society, tend to favour stakeholders holding the same position as they do after the initial distribution. (shrink)

We perform an experimental investigation using a dictator game in which individuals must make a moral decision —to give or not to give an amount of money to poor people in the Third World. A questionnaire in which the subjects are asked about the reasons for their decision shows that, at least in this case, moral motivations carry a heavy weight in the decision: the majority of dictators give the money for reasons of a consequentialist nature. Based on the results (...) presented here and of other analogous experiments, we conclude that dicator behavior can be understood in terms of moral distance rather than social distance and that it systematically deviates from the egoism assumption in economic models and game theory. (shrink)

En este artículo presentamos las principales corrientes de la Filosofía Experimental y atendemos a una de las críticas más severas a la que se ha sometido este reciente programa de renovación metodológica. Según Antti Kauppinen la Filosofía Experimental está condenada al fracaso porque no puede obtener mediante sus métodos el tipo de intuiciones que interesan a los filósofos –las intuiciones robustas del hablante competente. Aun aceptando parte de las críticas de Kauppinen, en este artículo sostenemos, en primer lugar, que la (...) supuesta incapacidad de la Filosofía Experimental para acceder a las intuiciones robustas de los hablantes tiene que ver en gran medida con los métodos experimentales empleados hasta ahora por los filósofos experimentales. En segundo lugar, defendemos que el proyecto de reforma llevado a cabo desde la Filosofía Experimental resultará viable solo si se adoptan una serie de consejos metodológicos procedentes de la economía experimental. Únicamente entonces podrán los experimentalistas responder con éxito a la objeción de Kauppinen. (shrink)

En el presente trabajo examino la tesis de José María Sauca sobre la “liquidez constitucional” y las cláusulas de este tipo que identifica en la Constitución Española. Propondré analizarlas a la luz de la tesis de la cláusula alternativa tácita presentada por Kelsen.

O presente artigo pretende esboçar um paralelo entre duas obras da filosofia política: o opúsculo inacabado “Do reino ou do governo dos príncipes ao Rei de Chipre” de São Tomás de Aquino, e o conhecido “O Príncipe” de Nicolau Maquiavel. O cotejo dos textos permite aproximações diretas entre dois momentos filosóficos distantes através da temática similar, pelo tratamento filosófico da tradição clássica, e pela sutileza do argumento que relaciona o bem comum com o privado, nas relações políticas. A análise divide-se (...) em duas partes temáticas: a definição de governante, e, as características de seu ofício. Em Tomás, articula-se a influência da política aristotélica com o modo como a finalidade privada do governante se estabelece numa hierarquia dos fins, justificadora do governo e direcionada ao bem comum. Em Maquiavel se observa uma recepção diferente do pensamento antigo, ligado à retórica romana, e uma hierarquia própria dos fins, que se direciona, de modo semelhante ao tomasiano, para o bem comum, mas com um tratamento diferente quanto a como esse bem público se relaciona com o bem privado, tanto do governante, quanto do povo que lhe é sujeito. Desta comparação conclui-se por uma necessidade de estabelecer a complexidade da filosofia política na passagem da idade média para o renascimento que afaste a ideia de uma ruptura total, e permita entender como a idade moderna partilha, em continuidade, elementos medievais e os desenvolve muito mais do que os abandona. (shrink)

O texto examina o conceito arendtiano de revolução presente na obra Sobre a Revolução, focalizando, especialmente, a questão do malogro do espírito revolucionário. Nossa leitura guia-se pela hipótese de que a relação entre a necessidade e a liberdade atravessa a obra da autora e ilumina a compreensão arendtiana de revolução. A opção pela necessidade, pelo econômico, por um lado, e pela formalidade jurídica, por outro, em detrimento da liberdade, está na origem, segundo Hannah Arendt, do malogro do espírito revolucionário no (...) mundo ocidental, particularmente nas suas grandes revoluções: a francesa e a americana. (shrink)

In this paper, I argue for two main hypotheses. First, that self-control is not a natural mental kind and, second, that there is no dedicated mechanism of self-control. By the first claim, I simply mean that those behaviors we label as “self-controlled” are a somewhat arbitrarily selected hodgepodge that do not have anything in common that distinguishes them from other behaviors. In other words, self-control is a gerrymandered property that does not correspond to a natural mental or psychological kind. By (...) the second claim, I mean that self-controlled behaviors are not produced by a mechanism that is not utilized in the production of other behaviors. Not only is there no natural mental property of self-control, there is no mechanism that is dedicated to producing self-controlled behavior. I further evaluate whether this account of self-control has enough explanatory power to account for a range of phenomena related to self-control. I argue that my account does a better job of explaining these phenomena than accounts which appeal to a dedicated self-control mechanism. (shrink)

Libet’s timing experiments have resulted in some strong and unsavoury claims about human agency. These range from the idea that conscious intentions are epiphenomenal to the idea that we all lack free will. In this paper, I propose a new type of response to the various sceptical conclusions about our agency occasioned by both Libet’s work and other experiments in this testing paradigm. Indeed, my argument extends to such conclusions drawn from fMRI-based prediction experiments. In what follows, I will provide (...) a brief description of these experiments, sketch arguments one may be tempted to draw on their basis, and argue that such arguments rely on a questionable premise: that experimental subjects have relevant proximal intentions. (shrink)

This paper explores Victoria Welby's fundamental assumption of meaning process (“semiosis” sensu Peirce) as translation, and some implications for the development of a general model of intersemiotic translation.

En el terreno de la moral, el contraste entre lo ¿que el filósofo Wilfrid Sellars denominó «la ¿imagen manifiesta» y la «imagen científica» es enorme y tiene unas consecuencias prácticas ineludibles. Este libro reduce la distancia entre esa imagen manifiesta y la imagen científica, dotando al lector de referencias fundamentales, enfoques diversos y un amplio abanico de temáticas a partir de investigaciones experimentales sobre nuestra conducta moral.

Situations are powerful: the evidence from experimental social psychology suggests that agents are hugely influenced by the situations they find themselves in, often without their knowing it. In our paper, we evaluate how situational factors affect our reasons-responsiveness, as conceived of by John Fischer and Mark Ravizza, and, through this, how they also affect moral responsibility. We argue that the situationist experiments suggest that situational factors impair, among other things, our moderate reasons-responsiveness, which is plausibly required for moral responsibility. However, (...) even though we argue that situational factors lower the degree of our reasons-responsiveness, we propose that agents remain moderately reasons-responsive to the degree required for moral responsibility. Nonetheless, those affected by situational factors are arguably less morally responsible than those who are not subject to similar situational factors. We further evaluate an understanding of reasons-responsiveness which relativizes reasons-responsiveness to agents’ circumstances. We argue that the situationist data do not warrant this kind of divergence from Fischer’s and Ravizza’s account. We conclude by discussing what situationist experiments tell us about our relationship to non-reasons. (shrink)

Situationism is, roughly, the thesis that normatively irrelevant environmental factors have a great impact on our behaviour without our being aware of this influence. Surprisingly, there has been little work done on the connection between situationism and moral luck. Given that it is often a matter of luck what situations we find ourselves in, and that we are greatly influenced by the circumstances we face, it seems also to be a matter of luck whether we are blameworthy or praiseworthy for (...) our actions in those circumstances. We argue that such situationist moral luck, as a variety of circumstantial moral luck, exemplifies a distinct and interesting type of moral luck. Further, there is a case to be made that situationist moral luck is perhaps more worrying than some other well-discussed cases of moral luck. (shrink)

Social identity poses one of the most important challenges to rational choice theory, but rational choice theorists do not hold a common position regarding identity. On one hand, externalist rational choice ignores the concept of identity or reduces it to revealed preferences. On the other hand, internalist rational choice considers identity as a key concept in explaining social action because it permits expressive motivations to be included in the models. However, internalist theorists tend to reduce identity to desire—the desire of (...) a person to express his or her social being. From an internalist point of view, that is, from a viewpoint in which not only desires but also beliefs play a key role in social explanations as mental entities, this article rejects externalist reductionism and proposes a redefinition of social identity as a net of beliefs about oneself, beliefs that are indexical, robust, and socially shaped. (shrink)

O presente artigo tem o objetivo de analisar a recepção da obra de Arendt a partir da categoria biopolítica. A categoria biopolítica instalou-se no centro do debate ético, político-filosófico contemporâneo, especialmente, após a requalificação de tal conceito dada por Foucault. Trata-se de mostrar que o termo biopolítica é anterior a Foucault, mas só com ele tal categoria adquiriu dimensão crítico-filosófica, considerando-o, no entanto, que é com Agamben que se dá a potencialização do debate acerca do tema biopolítica, exatamente, porque ele (...) inclui as reflexões de Arendt na trilha que leva à compreensão da naturalização da vida humana nas atuais configurações da sociedade. Assim, não obstante a inexistência de diálogo entre Arendt e Foucault, tenta-se analisar como, de alguma forma, Arendt, através da categoria campo de concentração e da centralidade da atividade do trabalho (labor), antecede e possibilita, no mundo moderno, a consistência analítica que a biopolítica passou a ter hodiernamente, argumentando que, apesar de a autora não usar o sintagma biopolítica, de alguma forma, o conceito, o campo de significação do termo, encontra-se efetivamente presente na obra de Arendt. (shrink)

La escritura para la reflexión pedagógica es una competencia profesional docente que debe ser desarrollada durante la formación inicial para que, posteriormente, pueda ser aplicada en diversos contextos educativos, enriqueciendo así el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje tanto del propio profesor como de los estudiantes con los que este interactúa. El ámbito de formación práctica es un espacio curricular donde esta competencia asume mayor preponderancia, pues el futuro profesor debe transferir diversos conocimientos teóricos hacia el ejercicio de aula. Bajo este (...) contexto, es posible reconocer la producción y circulación de ciertos géneros escritos específicos que dan cuenta de esta competencia. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo principal caracterizar, desde una perspectiva socioretórica, los géneros de reflexión pedagógica que escriben los estudiantes de dos carreras de pedagogía de una universidad chilena durante su formación práctica. Desde un enfoque metodológico cualitativo y con un diseño de Estudios de Casos Múltiples, se aplicaron dos instrumentos de recolección de datos: entrevistas semiestructuradas y focus group a profesores y estudiantes de la carrera de Educación Especial y Educación Parvularia. Entre los principales resultados destacan el reconocimiento de la escritura como un recurso que recoge la reflexión pedagógica de los profesores en formación; la utilización de determinados géneros pedagógicos en cada carrera y además la existencia de una progresión en el uso de estos de acuerdo a la complejidad y avance en el recorrido formativo del Plan de Estudios. (shrink)

Rodolfo Kusch, un maestro en el recuerdo -- Alejandra Pizarnik, o la poesía escrita con el cuerpo -- Alejandra (poema) -- Mateo Booz y Santa Fe, su país.

"El cuerpo es siempre un inconveniente", sostiene Susan Sontag sobre la convicción de que es antes un espacio de sufrimiento que de placer. Los avatares de la enfermedad trazan una taxonomía en la cual la responsabilidad del sujeto parece seleccionar las fallas orgánicas. Sobre la conducta irresponsable y apasionada de los travestis chilenos, Pedro Lemebel establece en Loco afán un catálogo de degradación corporal articulado con un lenguaje barroco. El efecto del SIDA en los años 80 y 90 sobre los (...) cuerpos marginales es una "colonización por el contagio" que traslada a la crónica arrabalera las torturas impuestas desde los 70 por la dictadura militar chilena que Roberto Bolaño convierte en performances gore en el relato descarnado de Estrella distante. Allí los aspectos góticos de la corporeidad decadente encuentran una formulación futurista en que la crueldad resulta alentada. En la complementariedad y la tergiversación de las estéticas, el cuerpo se desintegra en un espectáculo que combina lo grotesco y lo fúnebre. "Body is always an inconvenient", writes Susan Sontag on the conviction that it is an space of suffer rather than pleasure. The alternatives of illness trace a taxonomy in which the responsibility of the individual seems choice the organic failures. On the Chilean transvestites' irresponsive and passionate behavior, Pedro Lemebel establishes in Loco afán a catalog of body degradation articulated with baroque language. AIDS' effect in the 80 and 90 on marginal bodies is a "colonization by the contagion" that moves the torture imposed by Chilean military dictatorship since the 70 to the suburban chronicles that Roberto Bolaño makes performances gore in the discarnated narrative Estrella distante. There the gothic aspects of decadent corporality find a futurist formulation in which cruelty is encouraged. In complementarity and distortion of aesthetics, the body is disintegrated in a show combining the grotesque and the funeral. (shrink)

L’objet de cette étude est de montrer les enjeux que posent aux droits de l’homme les lois bioéthiques de juillet 1994 en ce qui concerne l’application des biotechnologies à la reproduction. À cette fin, sont analysés des dispositifs juridiques mis en place dans la loi pour sélectionner des embryons et pour transformer leurs caractères génétiques. Ces résultats sont ensuite comparés aux procédés eugéniques employés en Occident dans la première moitié duxx e siècle. Cela conduit à récuser la catégorie d’eugénique pour (...) rendre compte du projet biopolitique des lois bioéthiques. En conclusion, il s’avère que les enjeux posés par cette législation aux droits de l’homme concernent le sort qu’elle a réservé à la notion d’homme et de sujet de droit. (shrink)

Lejos de la interpretación de Leon Battista Alberti como prototipo del "hombre universal", GARIN ha reconocido el carácter contradictorio del pensamiento albertiano. En efecto, en la extensa y polifacética obra del humanista genovés coexisten dos visiones antagónicas del hombre y el mundo. A una le corresponde la confianza en la razón, a la otra la constatación del carácter absurdo de la existencia. Este Alberti "sombrío" se expresa en las páginas de Momus y las Intercenales. En ellas, la apelación a una (...) existencia simulada es abordada a través de una risa desacralizadora del ideal humano que alumbró el temprano Renacimiento italiano. Far from the interpretation of Leon Battista Alberti as a prototype of the "universal man", GARIN has analyzed the contradictory nature of Alberti's thought. In fact, in the extensive and versatile work of the Genoese humanist two opposite visions of man and the world coexist: one believes in the power of reason, the other acknowledges the absurdity of life. It is in Momus and the Intercenales that this "somber Alberti" is present. In these texts the appeal to a simulated life is addressed through a form of laughter that demystifies the human ideal of the early Italian Renaissance. (shrink)

The article deals with analyzing the historiographical debates that have arisen in recent years around Atlantic history, the crisis of the monarchy and the origins of liberalism in the Hispanic world. The essay focuses on the historiography dedicated to the Río de la Plata and on the displacements exhibited in the research agendas. The objective is to register these displacements within the framework of the double and simultaneous movement that occurred with the revision of the interpretive model based on the (...) national state: the one that concerns the internationalization of the approaches and the regionalization of the scales of analysis. (shrink)

In this paper I try to clarify the central role that the concept of nature plays in the phenomenological task of criticism and ordination of scientific knowledge. This first goal implies a phenomenological definition of nature, which makes visible the performative stages of world experience. First, I expose the mean of fundamentation and its relationship with the ontological-material limitation of nature —following the course of Husserl’s 1927 Lecture—; next, I develop the theory of attitudes as experiential deconstruction of nature, as (...) exposed in Ideas II, and finally, I draw the basic elements of pre-given-world analytics in its link with nature as material basis of life, according to the descriptions in the xxxix volume of Husserliana. (shrink)

Alfred Mele presents an influential argument for incompatibilism which compares an agent, Ernie, whose life has been carefully planned by the goddess Diana, to normal deterministic agents. The argument suggests both that Ernie is not free, and that there is no relevant difference between him and normal deterministic agents in respect of free will. In this paper, I suggest that what drives our judgement that Ernie is not free in the Diana case is that his actions are merely an extension (...) of Diana's—he is akin to a tool, which she uses solely for her own purposes, and his behaviour occurs only because of the interest Diana takes in its occurring. This contrasts with normal deterministic universes, in which normal agents are not such tools. (shrink)

The thesis of situationism says that situational factors can exert a signi cant in uence on how we act, o en without us being consciously aware that we are so in uenced. In this paper, I examine how situational factors, or, more speci cally, our lack of conscious awareness of their in uence on our behavior, a ect di erent measures of control. I further examine how our control is a ected by the fact that situational factors also seem to (...) prevent us from becoming consciously aware of our reasons for action. I argue that such lack of conscious awareness decreases the degree of control that agents have. However, I propose that while being in uenced by situational factors in such ways may impair and diminish one’s control, it (typically) does not eradicate one’s control. I further argue that being in uenced by situational factors, in the way set out above, also decreases one’s degree of moral responsibility. (shrink)

I argue that we do not intentionally and rationally shape our character and values in major ways. I base this argument on the nature of transformative experiences, that is, those experiences which are transformative from personal and epistemological points of view. The argument is roughly this. First, someone who undergoes major changes in her character or values thereby undergoes a transformative experience. Second, if she undergoes such an experience, her reasons for changing in a major way are inaccessible to her (...) beforehand. Third, if such reasons are inaccessible beforehand, she cannot act on them and thus cannot rationally and intentionally shape her character or values. I also explore some consequences of my argument, especially those related to control and responsibility. (shrink)

According to a classical work on experimental design internal validity “refers to the approximate validity with which we infer that a relationship between two variables is causal or that the absence of a relationship implies the absence of cause”. External validity “refers to the approximate validity with which we can infer that the presumed causal relationship can be generalized to and across alternate measures of the cause and effect and across different types of persons, settings, and times”. Since then, these (...) have been the accepted definitions, with slight variations, of both concepts. However, there have been deep differences in interpreting the scope and limits of validity concepts in economics. From theory-driven experimental designs that defend the priority of the internal over the external validity to those researches that are demanding the importance of external validity in economics, we can find the most diverse points of view. What can experimental ethics learn, then, from recent debates on external and internal validity in experimental economics? If we want to elicit moral intuitions into the lab, are we testing moral theories that way? Could intuitions be generalized “across different types of persons, settings, and times”? Is that really possible? (shrink)

El presente estudio muestra cómo un enfoque de investigación acción aborda la enseñanza explícita de lenguaje formulaico en estudiantes de 8vo básico y su efecto en el uso de éste en la escritura de textos narrativos en Inglés. El proceso de intervención fue realizado en un colegio privado en Chile. Los datos fueron obtenidos a partir de un grupo de 23 participantes siguiendo una metodología de investigación-acción que permitió recolectar y analizar información obtenida a través de textos escritos por los (...) participantes en inglés y, a su vez, conocer su percepción sobre las diferentes estrategias implementadas y sobre su propia habilidad para usar estas expresiones. La innovación pedagógica, a partir de la cual se reflexionó tomando en cuenta perspectivas teóricas y pedagógicas, indicaron un efecto favorable en relación al uso de expresiones formulaicas en la habilidad de escritura. De igual manera, la opinión de los estudiantes muestra percepciones favorables sobre las estrategias implementadas en clases. (shrink)

En este artículo, nos preguntamos si es pertinente un análisis del personaje de Medea de Eurípides, y más concretamente, de su filicidio, a la luz de la doctrina aristotélica de la acción. Resulta dudoso, y quizás equívoco, hablar de "responsabilidad" (en sentido aristotélico) en el caso de la heroína, ya que sus motivaciones, como las de todo héroe trágico, tienen un doble signo: enfrentado a una ἀνάγκη superior, también desea lo que está forzado a hacer. Además, Medea no es una (...) mujer común: es un personaje ontológicamente complejo que participa, más de lo que frecuentemente se ha enfatizado, del plano divino. In this article we wonder if it is pertinent to analyse the character of Euripides' Medea and, more precisely, her filicide, in the light of Aristotle's doctrine of action. With regard to the heroine, it is doubtful and perhaps confusing to talk about "responsibility" (in Aristotelian terms) because her motivations, as all tragic heroes', are two-sided: faced to a superior ἀνάγκη he wants what he is forced to do as well. In addition, Medea is not an ordinary woman: she is an ontologically complex character that has a share in the divine level, a share which is more crucial than what has usually been emphasized. (shrink)

O reconhecimento é um conceito normativo. Ao reconhecermos alguém como portador de determinadas características ou capacidades, reconhecemos seu status normativo e estamos assumindo responsabilidade por tratar este alguém de determinada forma. O não reconhecimento, neste caso, pode significar privação de direitos e marginalização; em uma democracia pode impossibilitar indivíduos ou grupos de desfrutar o ideal igualitário democrático, por exemplo. Nas últimas três décadas, a reflexão sobre esta categoria se aprofundou e assumiu maior importância no debate entre liberalismo e comunitarismo em (...) paralelo às demandas, por vezes pelas conquistas, de grupos e minorias que se sentem não reconhecidos e se engajam em movimentos políticos através de lutas por reconhecimento. Retomaremos, aqui, o desenvolvimento do conceito de “eticidade” empreendido por Axel Honneth em Luta por reconhecimento, obra fundamental para a reflexão sobre o tema. O autor situa sua teoria no meio termo entre a moral kantiana e as éticas comunitaristas: sua concepção é formal por entender que normas universais são condições de algumas possibilidades, mas é substantiva por se orientar pelo fim da autorrealização humana. (shrink)

Long, Long Time, o terceiro episódio da adaptação televisiva do jogo The Last of Us retrata a relação amorosa entre Bill e Frank, personagens conhecidos que são reencontrados em nova posição de protagonismo. Os seus arcos narrativos aprofundados geram um tensionamento incômodo na comunidade de conhecedores do texto-fonte. Neste trabalho, vamos analisar como a recepção da versão desvela uma dinâmica de mobilização preconceituosa motivada pela rejeição da inserção de um arco inclusivo da comunidade LGBT cuja argumentação é construída através de (...) uma pretensa busca pela fidelidade ao texto-fonte no processo adaptativo. (shrink)

Aun cuando Hannah Arendt no desarrolla de manera explícita nimucho menos exhaustiva el concepto de perdón, la relevancia queéste tiene en su pensamiento se puede vislumbrar a partir de laafirmación hecha por ella en su artículo sobre Bertolt Brecht (1948)de que “el juzgar y el perdonar son dos caras de la misma moneda.” Afirmación que, por temprana que sea, da cuenta de la importanciaque cobrará el concepto de perdón en sus reflexionespolíticas. La pretensión del presente texto es pues la de (...) reconstruir,a partir de los comentarios y anotaciones dispersos a lo largode su obra, el concepto de perdón y mostrar la relevancia que éstetiene al interior de la misma. (shrink)